Program to Draw a Moving Circle in C Using Graphics

Top 25 C# Programming Tips

@ wownetort

Nikita Starichenko

7+ years full-stack developer

Hi everyone! There is a lot of information about different C# features. About various life hacks and best practices in this language.
I want to tell you about equally useful, but less popular tips for working with this language.

1. Non-async "Task/Task<T>" methods should not return null

Returning null from a non-async Task/Task<T> method will cause a NullReferenceException at runtime. This problem can be avoided by returning Task.FromResult<T>(null) instead.

Bad example:

                                                      public                    Task<object>                    GetFooAsync()                  {                  return                  null;                  // Noncompliant                  }              

Good example:

                                                      public                    Task<object>                    GetFooAsync()                  {                  return                  Task.FromResult<object>(null); }              

2. Strings should not be concatenated using '+' in a loop

StringBuilder is more efficient than string concatenation, especially when the operator is repeated over and over as in loops.

Bad example:

                                  string                  str =                  "";                  for                  (int                  i =                  0; i < arrayOfStrings.Length ; ++i) {   str = str + arrayOfStrings[i]; }              

Good example:

                StringBuilder bld =                  new                  StringBuilder();                  for                  (int                  i =                  0; i < arrayOfStrings.Length; ++i) {   bld.Append(arrayOfStrings[i]); }                  string                  str = bld.ToString();              

3. String offset-based methods should be preferred for finding substrings from offsets

Looking for a given substring starting from a specified offset can be achieved by such code: str.Substring(startIndex).IndexOf(char1). This works well, but it creates a new string for each call to the Substring method. When this is done in a loop, a lot of strings are created for nothing, which can lead to performance problems if str is large.

To avoid performance problems, string.Substring(startIndex) should not be chained with the following methods:

• IndexOf
• IndexOfAny
• LastIndexOf
• LastIndexOfAny

For each of these methods, another method with an additional parameter is available to specify an offset.

Using these methods gives the same result while avoiding the creation of additional String instances.

Bad example:

                str.Substring(StartIndex).IndexOf(char1);                  // Noncompliant; a new string is going to be created by "Substring"                              

Good example:

                str.IndexOf(char1, startIndex);              

4. Collections should not be passed as arguments to their own methods

Passing a collection as an argument to the collection's own method is either an error - some other argument was intended - or simply nonsensical code.

Further, because some methods require that the argument remain unmodified during the execution, passing a collection to itself can result in an unexpected behavior.

Bad examples:

                                  var                  list =                  new                  List<int>();  list.AddRange(list);                  // Noncompliant                  list.Concat(list);                  // Noncompliant                  list.Union(list);                  // Noncompliant; always returns list                  list.Except(list);                  // Noncompliant; always empty                  list.Intersect(list);                  // Noncompliant; always list                  list.SequenceEqual(list);                  // Noncompliant; always true                  var                  set                  =                  new                  HashSet<int>();                  set.UnionWith(set);                  // Noncompliant; no changes                  set.ExceptWith(set);                  // Noncompliant; always empty                  set.IntersectWith(set);                  // Noncompliant; no changes                  set.IsProperSubsetOf(set);                  // Noncompliant; always false                  set.IsProperSupersetOf(set);                  // Noncompliant; always false                  set.IsSubsetOf(set);                  // Noncompliant; always true                  set.IsSupersetOf(set);                  // Noncompliant; always true                  set.Overlaps(set);                  // Noncompliant; always true                  set.SetEquals(set);                  // Noncompliant; always true                  set.SymmetricExceptWith(set);                  // Noncompliant; always empty                              

5. Empty arrays and collections should be returned instead of null

Returning null instead of an actual array or collection forces callers of the method to explicitly test for nullity, making them more complex and less readable.

Moreover, in many cases, null is used as a synonym for empty.

Bad examples:

                                                      public                    Result[]                    GetResults()                  {                  return                  null;                  // Noncompliant                  }                                      public                    IEnumerable<Result>                    GetResults()                  {                  return                  null;                  // Noncompliant                  }              

Good examples:

                                                      public                    Result[]                    GetResults()                  {                  return                  new                  Result[0]; }                                      public                    IEnumerable<Result>                    GetResults()                  {                  return                  Enumerable.Empty<Result>(); }              

6. Results of integer division should not be assigned to floating point variables

When division is performed on ints, the result will always be an int. You can assign that result to a double, float or decimal with automatic type conversion, but having started as an int, the result will likely not be what you expect. If the result of int division is assigned to a floating-point variable, precision will have been lost before the assignment. Instead, at least one operand should be cast or promoted to the final type before the operation takes place.

Examples:

                                  decimal                  dec =                  3/2;                  // Noncompliant                  decimal                  dec = (decimal)3/2;              

7. Shared resources should not be used for locking

Shared resources should not be used for locking as it increases the chance of deadlocks. Any other thread could acquire (or attempt to acquire) the same lock for another unrelated purpose.

Instead, a dedicated object instance should be used for each shared resource, to avoid deadlocks or lock contention.

The following objects are considered as shared resources:

• this
• a Type object
• a string literal
• a string instance

8. Threads should not lock on objects with weak identity

A thread acquiring a lock on an object that can be accessed across application domain boundaries runs the risk of being blocked by another thread in a different application domain. Objects that can be accessed across application domain boundaries are said to have weak identity. Types with weak identity are:

• MarshalByRefObject
• ExecutionEngineException
• OutOfMemoryException
• StackOverflowException
• String
• MemberInfo
• ParameterInfo
• Thread

9. Neither "Thread.Resume" nor "Thread.Suspend" should be used

Thread.Suspend and Thread.Resume can give unpredictable results, and both methods have been deprecated. Indeed, if Thread.Suspend is not used very carefully, a thread can be suspended while holding a lock, thus leading to a deadlock. Other safer synchronization mechanisms should be used, such as Monitor, Mutex, and Semaphore.

10. Exceptions should not be explicitly rethrown

When rethrowing an exception, you should do it by simply calling throw; and not throw exc;, because the stack trace is reset with the second syntax, making debugging a lot harder.

Examples:

                                  try                  {}                  catch(ExceptionType1 exc) {   Console.WriteLine(exc);                  throw                  exc;                  // Noncompliant; stacktrace is reset                  }                  catch(ExceptionType2 exc) {   Console.WriteLine(exc);                  throw;                  // Compliant                  }                  catch                  (ExceptionType3 exc) {                  throw                  new                  Exception("My custom message", exc);                  // Compliant; stack trace preserved                  }              

11. Exceptions should not be thrown from unexpected methods

It is expected that some methods should be called with caution, but others, such as ToString, are expected to "just work". Throwing an exception from such a method is likely to break callers' code unexpectedly.

The problem occurs when an exception is thrown from any of the following:

• Event accessors
• Object.Equals
• IEquatable.Equals
• GetHashCode
• ToString
• static constructors
• IDisposable.Dispose
• operator ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
• implicit cast operators

Bad example:

                                                      public                    override                    string                    ToString()                  {                  if                  (string.IsNullOrEmpty(Name))   {                  throw                  new                  ArgumentException("...");                  // Noncompliant                  } }              

12. General exceptions should never be thrown

Throwing such general exceptions as Exception, SystemException, ApplicationException, IndexOutOfRangeException, NullReferenceException, OutOfMemoryException and ExecutionEngineException prevents calling methods from handling true, system-generated exceptions differently than application-generated errors.

13. Exceptions should not be thrown in finally blocks

Throwing an exception from within a finally block will mask any exception which was previously thrown in the try or catch block, and the masked's exception message and stack trace will be lost.

14. Exception types should be "public"

The point of having custom exception types is to convey more information than is available in standard types. But custom exception types must be public for that to work.

If a method throws a non-public exception, the best you can do on the caller's side is to catch the closest public base of the class. That is, you lose all that custom information you created the exception type to pass.

15. Destructors should not throw exceptions

If Finalize or an override of Finalize throws an exception, and the runtime is not hosted by an application that overrides the default policy, the runtime terminates the process immediately without graceful cleanup (finally blocks and finalizers are not executed). This behavior ensures process integrity if the finalizer cannot free or destroy resources.

Bad example:

                                  class                  MyClass                  {     ~MyClass()     {                  throw                  new                  NotImplementedException();                  // Noncompliant                  } }              

16. "IDisposables" created in a "using" statement should not be returned

Typically you want to use using to create a local IDisposable variable; it will trigger disposal of the object when control passes out of the block's scope. The exception to this rule is when your method returns that IDisposable. In that case using disposes of the object before the caller can make use of it, likely causing exceptions at runtime. So you should either remove using or avoid returning the IDisposable.

Bad example:

                                                      public                    FileStream                    WriteToFile(                      string                      path,                      string                      text)                  {                  using                  (var                  fs = File.Create(path))                  // Noncompliant                  {                  var                  bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(text);     fs.Write(bytes,                  0, bytes.Length);                  return                  fs;   } }              

17. "operator==" should not be overloaded on reference types

The use of == to compare to objects is expected to do a reference comparison. That is, it is expected to return true if and only if they are the same object instance. Overloading the operator to do anything else will inevitably lead to the introduction of bugs by callers. On the other hand, overloading it to do exactly that is pointless; that's what == does by default.

18. "Equals(Object)" and "GetHashCode()" should be overridden in pairs

There is a contract between Equals(object) and GetHashCode(): If two objects are equal according to the Equals(object) method, then calling GetHashCode() on each of them must yield the same result. If this is not the case, many collections won't handle class instances correctly.

In order to comply with the contract, Equals(object) and GetHashCode() should be either both inherited, or both overridden.

19. "GetHashCode" should not reference mutable fields

GetHashCode is used to file an object in a Dictionary or Hashtable. If GetHashCode uses non-readonly fields and those fields change after the object is stored, the object immediately becomes mis-filed in the Hashtable. Any subsequent test to see if the object is in the Hashtable will return a false negative.

Bad example:

                                  public                  int                  age;                  public                  string                  name;                                      public                    override                    int                    GetHashCode()                  {                  int                  hash =                  12;   hash +=                  this.age.GetHashCode();                  // Noncompliant                  hash +=                  this.name.GetHashCode();                  // Noncompliant                  return                  hash; }              

Good example:

                                  public                  readonly                  DateTime birthday;                  public                  string                  name;                                      public                    override                    int                    GetHashCode()                  {                  int                  hash =                  12;   hash +=                  this.birthday.GetHashCode();                  return                  hash; }              

20. "abstract" classes should not have "public" constructors

Since abstract classes can't be instantiated, there's no point in their having public or internal constructors. If there is basic initialization logic that should run when an extending class instance is created, you can by all means put it in a constructor, but make that constructor private or protected.

21. Type inheritance should not be recursive

Recursion is acceptable in methods, where you can break out of it. But with class types, you end up with code that will compile but not run if you try to instantiate the class.
Bad example:

                                  class                  C1<T> { }                  class                  C2<T> :                  C1<C2<C2<T>>>                  // Noncompliant                  { }                  var                  c2 =                  new                  C2<int>();              

22. "new Guid()" should not be used

When the syntax new Guid() (i.e. parameterless instantiation) is used, it must be that one of three things is wanted:

1. An empty GUID, in which case Guid.Empty is clearer.
2. A randomly-generated GUID, in which case Guid.NewGuid() should be used.
3. A new GUID with a specific initialization, in which case the initialization parameter is missing.

23. "GC.Collect" should not be called

Calling GC.Collect is rarely necessary, and can significantly affect application performance. That's because it triggers a blocking operation that examinesevery object in memory for cleanup. Further, you don't have control over when this blocking cleanup will actually run.

As a general rule, the consequences of calling this method far outweigh the benefits unless perhaps you've just triggered some event that is unique in the run of your program that caused a lot of long-lived objects to die.

24. Sections of code should not be commented out

Programmers should not comment out code as it bloats programs and reduces readability.

Unused code should be deleted and can be retrieved from source control history if required.

25. "goto" statement should not be used

goto is an unstructured control flow statement. It makes code less readable and maintainable. Structured control flow statements such as if, for, while, continue or break should be used instead.

P.S. Thanks for reading! More tips coming soon! Special thanks to SonarQube and their rules - https://www.sonarqube.org/

Tags

# csharp# dotnet# programming# software-development# dotnet-core# dot-net-framework# microsoft# coding

Program to Draw a Moving Circle in C Using Graphics

Source: https://hackernoon.com/top-25-c-programming-tips-xlo31wv

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